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專英發表於 2016/1/12 20:45:21
For example, when people have strokes that affect the left hemisphere of their brain, they may have trouble speaking or something right after the stroke, but over time and with proper therapy, some of those people are able to retrain other speech-related parts of their brain by creating new connections between neurons. 例如，當人們有中風影響到左半腦，他們可能有說話障礙，或者影響到右腦，但是，隨著時間的推移和適當的治療，其中的一些人都能夠透過創建神經元之間的新連接重新訓練他們大腦其他語音相關的部分。 Building these connections, in combination with some recovery of the originally damaged part of the brain, can help these people speak again with at least some degree of fluency. 建立這些連接，結合一些大腦原來損壞已恢復的部分，可以幫助這些人講話時能再有至少某種程度的流暢性。 And the brain’s ability to adapt and move functions to new parts is called neural plasticity, or synaptic plasticity. 而大腦適應並移動新部分的功能的能力稱為神經可塑性或突觸可塑性。 The neurons are plastic, or flexible enough, to learn new routes and connections, thus allowing undamaged parts of the brain to take over functions that the damaged parts previously performed. 神經元是塑料，或具有足夠的靈活性，學習新的路線且連接，從而允許大腦未損壞的部分接管以前執行的受損部位的功能。 Even with perfectly functioning hemispheres, you might still have trouble naming objects. 即使有充分發揮功能的兩半球，你可能仍然有為物體命名的困難。 This can happen if communication between the hemispheres is disrupted by severing the corpus callosum, which is a band of nerve fibers that connects your brain’s two hemispheres. 這可能發生在如果胼胝體被切斷兩半球之間的溝通就會中斷，胼胝體是一堆的神經纖維用來連結大腦的兩半球。 This creates what’s called a split-brain patient, because your brain is now split into two parts. 這形成了所謂的腦裂患者，因為你的腦袋現在已被分成兩部分。 People used to have to do this sometimes as a treatment for seizures, but in addition to helping with that problem, this surgery creates some pretty interesting side effects in terms of language. 人們曾經把這一點當作治療癲癇的方法，但除了幫助這一個問題，這種手術造成語言某些有趣的副作用。 So assuming that language is centralized in the left hemisphere, this means that the right side of your brain can’t connect to the language side. 所以，假設語言集中在左半球，這意味著你的大腦右側無法連結到語言方面。 So anything that you perceive in the right side of your brain can’t be named or dealt with in terms of language. 所以任何你察覺到的事情無法被你的右側大腦命名或有語言方面的處理。 Now, you may have heard before that your brain has what’s called a contralateral organization, meaning that information that you perceive in your left visual fied gets processed by the right side of your brain and vice-versa. 現在，你之前可能已聽過你的大腦有個叫做對側組織的結構，意思是你左半邊的視覺區所察覺到的訊息會經由大腦右側取得處理，反之亦然。 So let’s think about what that means for a split-brain patient. 所以，讓我們來想想什麼是腦裂患者。 If your see an object on your left, and it gets sent to your right hemisphere, you won’t be able to name it. 假如你看到一個物體在你左邊，接著就會將影像傳到右半球，你不能夠為它命名。 You’d still be able to pick it up with your left hand, because again, your right hemisphere is controlling your left-side motor neurons, but you’d have to kind of turn your head so that the object would be in your right visual field before the language part of your brain would have any access to it. 你仍然可以把它撿起來用你的左手，因為，你的右半球控制你的左側運動神經元，但你要轉動你的頭，這樣物體將會在你的右側視野區在大腦語言區有任何連結之前。 Now, when I say the right visual field, that doesn’t mean just your right eye. 現在，當我說右側視野，這並不完全意味著你的右眼。 It means the right side of your body, which you can view with half of each eye. 意思是你的右側身你兩個眼睛都可以看。 So there you go. 這樣就可以了。 Lots of pretty cool implications for how our brain is organized and subdivided in terms of language. 有很多很酷的影響影響著我們的大腦組織和細分語言的部分。翻譯至https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBqShvm4QRA
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