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專英發表於 2016/1/12 20:43:34
Language and the brain: Aphasia and split-brain patients 語言和大腦：失語症和裂腦患者 You may perceive language as one big function the brain performs. 你可能認為語言是大腦執行的一大功能。 Interestingly, though, it’s divided into a lot of sub-functions. 然而，有趣的是，它被劃分成很多子功能。 In this video, we’ll discuss how your brain speaks and understands language and what happens when those functions are disrupted. 在此影片中，我們將會討論到如何運用大腦說話和理解語言，以及，當這些功能被破壞會發生什麼事。 First, let’s go over some basic neuroanatomy. 首先，讓我們複習一些基礎的神經解剖學。 For about 90% of right-handed people, language functions are centralized in the left hemisphere of the brain. 約90%右撇子的人，語言功能都集中在大腦的左半球。 Lefties and ambidextrous folks are somewhat more likely to have language centralized in the right hemisphere, but still about 70% of them will have language centralized in the left hemisphere. 左撇子和靈巧的人更有可能有語言功能集中在右半球，但他們的語言功能仍約有70%集中在左半球。 Within whichever hemisphere is dominant, the two main areas associated with language are Broca’s area, which helps us speak, and Wernicke’s area, which helps us understand language. 占主導地位的兩個半球內，與語言相關的兩個主要領域是Broca區，能幫助我們說話，和Wernicke區，可以幫助我們理解語言。 Broca’s area is in the frontal lobe, usually the left frontal lobe, and it’s responsible for language expression. Broca區在額葉，通常由左額葉進行處理，並負責語言表達。 When Broca’s area is damaged, people tend to have trouble producing speech. 當Broca區損壞時，人們往往會有發音的困難。 Their words become halting or slurred. 他們的言語變得緩慢或含糊不清。 This is called non-fluent aphasia, or Broca’s aphasia. 這稱作非流利失語症或Broca’s失語症。 I remember this by thinking that Broca’s aphasia means “ broken speech,” and aphasia is just any type of disorder that involves language. 我記得這個被認為是Broca失語症意味著"斷斷續續的講話"，失語症只是多種類型的障礙中涉及到語言。 When Wernicke’s area, back in the temporal lobe, is damaged, you get Wernicke’s aphasia, which is quite a different pattern of behavior than you get with Broca’s aphasia. 當在顳葉後的Wernicke區被損壞時，你會得到Wernicke區失語症，這和得到Broca區失語症所表現出來的行為有很大的不同。 People have no trouble producing words—in fact, words kind of just tumble out of them—but the words that do come out don’t make any sense. 他們沒有發音的困難，事實上，他們只是把那些字講出來，但那些字是沒有任何意思的。 It’s like listening to a bunch of nonsense sentences. 就像在聽一堆毫無意義的句子。 People with Wernicke’s aphasia, which is also sometimes called” fluent aphasia,” can also have trouble understanding what other people say. 有Wernicke失語症的人有時也稱作流利失語症，對於別人所說的話有理解困難。 And when both Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia are present, then you have something called “global aphasia,” because it globally affects language instead of only affecting a subsection of it. 當Broca失語症和Wernicke失語症都存在，就稱作全面性失語症，因為會有全面性的影響而非只有部分影響。 Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area are connected in the brain by a bundle of nerve fibers called the arcuate fasciculus. Broca區和Wernicke區在大腦中會經由一束的弓形神經束連接。 One cool thing is that this loop is also found in deaf people who know sign language. 一件有趣的事是，也在懂得手語的聾子上發現了這個環節。 So it’s not specific to a spoken language, but the brain adapts to use whatever modality is necessary for communication. 所以，它不是特定於口語，但是大腦習慣使用必要的方式來溝通。 When this connection is damaged, people experience something called “conduction aphasia.” 當這個連結被破壞時，人們會經歷傳導性失語症。 Their ability to conduct information between listening and speaking is disrupted, which makes them unable to repeat things, even though they understand what’s being said. 他們在聽力和口語之間傳達的能力被破壞，造成他們不能複誦事情，即使他們聽得懂正在說什麼。 Pretty crazy. 相當瘋狂。 And once you think about how many language-specific functions you do every day, you might wonder how many different types of aphasia there are. 一旦你思考每天有多少特定的語言功能在運作，你將得知有多少不同種類的失語症存在。 And the answer is “ a lot.” 答案是很多。 We have agraphia, which is the inability to write, anomia, which is the inability to name things, and other specific difficulties in reading, spelling, grammar, pronunciation—all sorts of things you may not even realize that you do effortlessly with a healthy brain. 有失寫症，即沒有書寫的能力，命名失能症，即無法為事物命名，還有閱讀、拼音、文法、發音等具體的困難，各式各樣的事情，你甚至不知道你有健康的大腦不費力氣的完成這些事。 But Broca’s apahasia and Wernicke’s aphasia are the most common. 但是，Broca失語症和Wernicke失語症是最常見的。 Language is just one example of how our brain works in general. 語言只是大腦如何運作最常見的一個例子。 Big tasks are subdivided into small tasks, which are then spread around in different parts of the brain. 大任務被分成小任務，然後散佈在大腦不同的部位。 And this can actually be a good thing, because it means if you have very localized or very specific brain damage, then you probably won’t completely lose your ability to perform some highly important function like communication. 而這實際上是一件好事，因為這意味著如果你有非常局部的或非常特定的腦部損傷，那麼你可能不會完全失去你執行一些非常重要的功能，例如溝通。 In fact, when functions are divided like that, it’s easier for your brain to adapt. 事實上，當功能被那樣劃分，它更容易讓你的大腦適應。下半內容在失語症(二)
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