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專英發表於 2016/1/12 12:22:52
So let’s continue our discussion of emotions.If you remember from the previous video ,emotion is made up of a series of cognitive,physiological,and behavioral responses to stimulus.But which response comes first?And this one of those topics that I think a lot of us take for granted.It’s something that occurs in everyday life. But we generally don’t break it down and think of it in these components and wonder,gee,which one comes first?So thank goodness we have psychologists who do that for us.And as you might imagine,this is a pretty complicated topic.So there isn’t just one theory of emotion.There’s many theories of emotion.And for our purposes,we’re going to discuss four different theories of emotion.The first one is called the James-Lange theory of emotion.And it’s named after two researchers who both independently came up with this theory back in the 1800s.So they actually weren’t working together.They just each came up with it around the same time.So in the interest of fairness,they decided to name it after both of them.So that’s why it’s known as the James-Lange theory of emotion.And what it hypothesizes is that the experience of emotion is due to perception of your physiologic responses.So what does that mean?Well let’s think about an example of maybe holding your pet.Let’s say you have a pet cat.And holding you pet cat elicits the emotion of happiness.So how does it do that?Well according to James-Lange theory of emotion,holding your pet cat causes the physiologic response of maybe increased heart rate.Certain neurotransmitters change in your brain.Maybe you’ll start to smile as you’re holding your cat.And what makes the James-Lange theory of emotion unique is that they say it’s the interpretation of this physiologic response that causes the emotion of happiness.So it’s not actually holding your cat per se that’s making you happy.It’s what the cat is doing to your body that makes you feel the way you do.So it’s your awaweness of these processes occurring that make you realize you’re happy.In another example,you could say that when you’re sad,you don’t cry because you’re sad.You’re sad because you cry.It’s you mind’s interpretation of your physiological response.Now,you might be sitting there finding that hard to believe.And if you feel that way,it might interest you to know that there are other theories of emotion as well that sprung up because they didn’t agree with this James-Lnge approach.And one such theory is known as the Cannon-Bad theory of emotion.And these were two theorists who disagreed with the James-Lnge theory.And they believed there were some major flaws in the idea that physiologic responses triggered emotion.So first they felt that a person could experience physiological arousal without feeling any particular emotion.So think about it.Your heart will race when you’re feeling afraid.But your heart also races if you just had a long run.So how can that be?If the physiologic response was all that was necessary to produce an emotion,shouldn’t any person with a racing heart feel afraid? In that same line of thought,these researchers also noticed that many different emotions had the same patterns of physiological response.So think about like your heart racing or rapid breathing,those accompany feelings of anger,as well as excitement.And those are two totally different emotions.And lastly,they felt that the physiological response system was just too slow to produce emotions that often seemed to happen almost instantly.So fot example,if you hear a loud sound,maybe you’ll feel fear or surprise almost instantly.And subsequent physiologic responses of your heart racing,increased muscle tone,et cetera,they come later.And the theory they put forth was the Cannon-Bad theory.And they believed that the physiological responses and they experience of emotion both occurred simultaneously.So you have an event occurring,which causes a physiological response,as well as an emotion at the same time.So going back to the example of holding your cat,if you hold your cat,that’s the event.And by holding your cat,maybe your heart rate starts to increase ever so slightly.Maybe there’s some changes going on in your brain in terms of your neurotransmitters.And while that’s happening,at the same time you’re feeling a feeling of joy.And that’s the emotion that you’re experiencing.But the main point her is this theory says these two action happen at the same time.Now,another key theory of emotion is the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion.And in this view,physiological and cognitive responses may simultaneously form the experience of emotion.More specifically,if we become physiologically aroused,we don’t feel a specific emotion until we’re able to label or identify the reason for the situation.So in our previous example,we spoke about holding your cat.So the event is holding your cat,which produces a physiological response of again maybe increased heart rate or changes in your neurotransmitter levels.But we don’t necessarily feel happy until we consciously label the situation.So you identify the reason for this physiologic response.And you identify the reason for the event.So you would say to yourself,this is really nice.I like holding my cat.This makes me happy.And that’s what produces the emotion of happiness,this identification and that cognitive ability to understand what’s going on that causes it.Now,another theory is known as the Lazarus theory.And that proposed that the experience of emotion depends on how the experience is congnitively appraised.Now you might think that sounds very similar to the one we just discussed in the Schachter-Sing theory.But it’s different.And I’ll show you why.So we have an event,let’s say again holding your cat.In the Lazarus theory,next comes appraisal or labeling the situation.And what the Lazarus theory says,if we label the situation as bad,the emotion will be negative.And if we label the situation as good,the emotion will be positive.So one of differences here is that how we label the event is completely dependent on personal experience or cultural differences and situational factors.And once this appraisal has occurred,then the emotion will occur simultaneously with the physiological response.And as you can see,it is a different order of things,as compared to the Schachter-Singer theory.So using our example holding a cat,if a person has held a cat before and happened to be maybe bitten by a cat or had a bad experience with a cat,that individual may label the situation as scary.And the emotion that will be produced is fear.But on the other hand,if someone is a cat lover,grown up with cats their whole life,they might label that situation of holding a cat as wonderful and feel joy.So it’s all in label.And the way I like to think about this is in terms of hobbies.So take skydiving,for example.Some people would label the activity of jumping out of a plane as something terrifying.And they would experience the emotion of fear.Whereas someone else who’s maybe a daredevil,they would label the situation as exhilarating.And they would experience happiness.But as you can see here,the event of skydiving is the same.But it’s producing two very different emotions in different people,who have different appraisals on the event occurring.So that’s the four theories of emotion that we’re going to discuss today. 讓我們持續討論有關情緒，如果你回憶先前的電視節目，情緒是由一系列的認知.心理學的，行為的，激烈的反應，但是是哪種反應先發生 ?還有這是那些題目中的一個我認為我們很多人都同意的，而這些事發生在我們日常生活當中。但我們逐漸地不讓它失敗且考慮到在納悶的成分裡頭哪一個才是首先的來到的。所以感謝上天我們有心理學家替我們做。當你可能有一個想法時，這可能是一個很複雜的主題，所以情緒不只是一個論說情緒有很多的學說，為了我們的用途我們將要討論四個有關情緒不一樣的地方。第一個被稱為情緒的 James-Lange理論。它命名的兩位研究人員獨立地想出了這種理論早在 19 世紀。所以他們其實不工作在一起。他們只是每個人都趕上了它大約在同一時間。所以為了公平起見，他們決定給它命名他們兩個。所以這就是為什麼它被稱為情緒的 James-Lange理論。它的假設是情感的體驗是感知你的生理反應。這意味著什麼?那麼讓我們來想想也許舉行你的寵物的一個例子。比方說你有一隻寵物貓。抱著你的寵物貓抒發情感的幸福。它是怎麼做到的?好根據 James-Lange情緒理論，拿著你的寵物貓原因也許增加心率的生理反應。某些神經遞質改變你的大腦。也許你會開始微笑你牽著你的貓。情緒的 James-Lange理論與眾不同的是，他們說這是導致幸福的情感這生理反應的解釋。所以它實際上並不抱著你的貓本身，讓你快樂。就是那只貓做什麼對你的身體，讓你感覺你做的方式。所以，你意識到這些發生，讓你意識到你是快樂的過程。在另一個例子，你可以說當你難過的時候，你不會哭因為你難過。你難過了，因為你哭。它是你心靈的解釋你的生理反應。現在，你可能坐在那裡發現很難相信。如果你覺得這種方式，它可能會感興趣讓你知道有其他的情感以及湧現，因為他們不同意 James-Lnge這樣的理論。這樣一種理論被稱為情緒的Cannon-Bad理論。而這些兩個理論家不同意 James-Lnge理論的人。他們認為生理反應引發情緒的想法有一些主要的缺點。首先他們認為，一個人可以沒有感覺任何特定的情感體驗生理喚醒。所以想想它。你的心會比賽當你感到害怕。但你的心也比賽如果你只是有一個長時間運行。這所以怎麼可能?如果一切都是需要去產生一種情感的生理反應，心跳加速的任何人不應該感到害怕嗎?在同一行的思想，這些研究人員也注意到很多不同的情緒有生理反應相同的模式。所以想想喜歡你心跳加速或呼吸急促，那些伴隨的憤怒，以及興奮的感覺。他們是完全不相同的情緒。最後，他們覺得生理反應系統只是太慢產生情感以至於看起來幾乎瞬間發生。舉例來說，如果你聽到一個很大的聲音，也許你會瞬間感到害怕或驚訝。然後你會心跳加速，肌張力增高等等．．．他們提出的理論為Cannon-Bad理論。他們相信生理和情感是同時出現的。所以，當你發生事情時，會造成生理和情緒同時出現。轉過頭以你養的貓為例，當你抱著你的貓，這就是一件事情。藉由抱著你的貓，你的心跳會開始輕微增加。在你大腦裡神經傳遞會有些變化。當這件事發生的時候，同時你會感覺很快樂。那就是你經歷到的情緒。最重要的是這個理論是，這兩個動作發生在同一時間。現今，情緒的另一個重要理論是Schachter-Singer理論。在這理論的論點中，生理和認知反應可能同時從以前的情緒中反應。更具體地說，如果我們引起生理反應，直到我們能夠解釋或定義這個情況之前，我們不會覺得這是一個特定的情緒。以我們前面的例子為例，當我們談到你養的貓，你可能心臟加快或改變你的神經遞質反應。但是，你不一定感到開心，直到我們發覺定義這個情況。所以，你辨認出這是生理反應的原因，然後確定這件事情的原因。所以你會對著自己說，這真是非常好的，我喜歡我養的貓，這會讓我感到開心，這正是開心的情緒。這種識別和認知能力能理解發生了什麼事情。現在，另一種被稱為Lazarus理論，他提出了情緒的經驗取決於如何認知評斷這經驗。你可能會認為這聽起來非常相同，我們剛剛在Schachter-Sing理論中討論過，但這是不一樣的，我會告訴你為什麼。所以我們要在一次以你養的貓為例，在Lazarus理論中，如果你定義這個狀況是壞的，這個情緒便會是負面的。如果你定義這狀況是好的，這情緒便是正面的。因此，他們的區別為，如何定義狀況依賴個人經驗、文化差異或環境因素。而當這次狀況再發生，生理和情緒便會一起出現。就如你看到的，比起Schachter-Singer理論，這是不同順序的東西。用貓為例，有個人曾經被貓咬傷過或是有不好的經驗，那個人的定義就會是驚嚇，這情緒便會慘生害怕。在另一方面，有個人是貓的情人，從小跟他一起長大的貓，他可能會定義這情況是美好的、開心的。一切都是定義。而我喜歡的思考方向是嗜好方面。以跳傘為例，有些人會定義跳傘是可怕的活動，他們會體驗到可怕的情緒。另一些人，或許是冒失鬼，他們定義跳傘為令人振奮的活動，他們會體驗到開心的情緒。但你站在這裡看，跳傘是一樣的情況，但它卻會因人產生完全不一樣的情緒。這是今天討論的四種情緒理論。翻譯至以下影片 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkDVucEoJpU 【專英曾編輯過本篇文章內容， 2016/1/12下午 08:59:44 】【專英曾編輯過本篇文章內容， 2016/1/12下午 09:09:53 】
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